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6. Omega-3 en trastornos de conducta y psicopatol�gicos

Kuratko CN, Barrett EC, Nelson EB et al. The relationship of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with learning and behavior in healthy children: a review. Nutrients. 2013 Jul 19;5(7):2777-2810.
Larrieu T, Hilal LM, Fourrier C, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Sans N, Capuron L, Lay� S.Nutritional omega-3 modulates neuronal morphology in the prefrontal cortex along with depression-related behaviour through corticosterone secretion. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Sep 9;4:e437.
Lotrich FE, Sears B, McNamara RK. Anger induced by interferon-alpha is moderated by ratio of arachidonic acid to omega-3 fatty acids. J Psychosom Res. 2013 Nov;75(5):475-83.
Ohara K. Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi. 2005;107(2):118-26.
Parker G, Gibson NA, Brotchie H, Heruc G, Rees AM, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;163(6):969-78. Review. Erratum in: Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Oct;163(10):1842.
Prior PL, Galdur�z JC. (N-3) Fatty acids: molecular role and clinical uses in psychiatric disorders. Adv Nutr. 2012 May 1;3(3):257-65.
Sinn N, Milte C, Howe PR. Oiling the brain: a review of randomized controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids in psychopathology across the lifespan. Nutrients. 2010 Feb;2(2):128-70.
Stahl LA, Begg DP, Weisinger RS, Sinclair AJ. The role of omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2008 Jan;9(1):57-64.
van Strater AC, Bouvy PF. Omega-3 fatty acids and mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Nov;163(11):2018; author reply 2018-9
Young C, Martin A. Omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders: an overview. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2003 Sep;25(3):184-7.
6.1. TDAH

Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50(10):991-1000.
Burgess JR, Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):327-30.
Dervola KS, Roberg BA, W�ien G et al. Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induce sex-specific changes in reinforcer-controlled behaviour and neurotransmitter metabolism in a spontaneously hypertensive rat model of ADHD. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2012;8(56):13 p.
Gow RV, Hibbeln JR, Parletta N. �Current evidence and future directions for research with omega-3 fatty acids and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.� Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015 Mar;18(2):133-8.
Gow RV, Matsudaira T, Taylor E, Rubia K, Crawford M, Ghebremeskel K, Ibrahimovic A, Vall�e-Tourangeau F, Williams LM, Sumich A. Total red blood cell concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with emotion-elicited neural activity in adolescent boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009 Feb-Mar;80(2-3):151-6.
Gustafsson PA, Birberg-Thornberg U, Duch�n K et al. EPA supplementation improves teacher-rated behaviour and oppositional symptoms in children with ADHD. Acta Paediatr. 2010 Oct;99(10):1540-1549.
Johnson M, Ostlund S, Fransson G, Kadesj� B, Gillberg C. Omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents. J Atten Disord. 2009 Mar;12(5):394-401.
Meyer BJ, Byrne MK, Collier C, Parletta N, Crawford D, Winberg PC, Webster D, Chapman K, Thomas G, Dally J, Batterham M, Farquhar I, Martin AM, Grant L. Baseline omega-3 index correlates with aggressive and attention deficit disorder behaviours in adult prisoners. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):e0120220. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120220.
Milte CM, Parletta N, Buckley JD et al. Increased Erythrocyte Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Are Associated With Improved Attention and Behavior in Children With ADHD in a Randomized Controlled Three-Way Crossover Trial. J Atten Disord. 2013 Nov 8.
Mitchell EA, Aman MG, Turbott SH, Manku M. Clinical characteristics and serum essential fatty acid levels in hyperactive children. Clin Pediatr (Philadelphia) 1987; 26(8): 406-11.
Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J. 2015 Feb 24. pii: fj.14-268342.
Rasmussen K, Almvik R, Levander S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reading disability, and personality disorders in a prison population. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2001; 29(2): 186-93.
Richardson A. Background to the DOLAB Studies: Omega-3 and Child Behaviour and Learning. Omega-3 DHA and Children�s Behaviour and Learning: New Insights from the �DOLAB� Studies. 4 September 2013 - The Royal College of Surgeons, London.
Sorgi PJ, Hallowell EM, Hutchins HL, Sears B. Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behaviour in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutr J. 2007;6:16.
Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Deck JL, Abate ML, Watkins BA, Lipp SR, Burgess JR. Essential fatty acid metabolism in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(4):761-8.
6.2. Depresi�n

Beydoun MA, Fanelli Kuczmarski MT, Beydoun HA et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intakes Are Inversely Related to Elevated Depressive Symptoms among United States Women. J Nutr. 2013 Sep 4.
Chang JP, Chang SS, Yang HT, Palani M, Chen CP, Su KP. �Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) levels in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) with and without depression.� Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Feb;44:28-31. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.11.005.
Hibbein JR, Ferguson TA, Blasbalg TL. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in neurodevelopment, aggression and autonomic dysregulation: opportunities for intervention. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006;18:107-18.
Irmish G, Schl�fke D, Gierow W, Herpertz S, Richter J. Fatty acids and sleep in depressed inpatients. Prostaglandins Leuk Essent Fatty Acids. 2007;76:1-7.
Lang UE, Borgwardt S. Molecular mechanisms of depression: perspectives on new treatment strategies. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2013;31(6):761-77.
Larrieu T, Hilal LM, Fourrier C, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Sans N, Capuron L, Lay� S. Nutritional omega-3 modulates neuronal morphology in the prefrontal cortex along with depression-related behaviour through corticosterone secretion. Transl Psychiatry. 2014 Sep 9;4:e437.
Lesp�rance F, Frasure-Smith N, St-Andr� E et al. The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;72(8):1054-62. doi: 10.4088/JCP.10m05966blu. Epub 2010 Jun 15.
Lin PY, Su, KP. A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1056-61.
Lin, PY, Huangb, SY, Su, KP. A Meta�Analytic Review of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Compositions in Patients with Depression Biological Psychiatry 2010;68(2):140�147.
McNamara RK, Hahn CG, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford KE, Richtand NM. Selective deficits in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the post-mortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 17-24.
McNamara RK, Strimpfel J, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Welge JA, Strawn JR, Delbello MP. Detection and Treatment of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency in Adolescents with SSRI-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder. PharmaNutrition. 2014 Apr 1;2(2):38-46.
Mischoulon D, Papakostas GI, Dording CM, Farabaugh AH, Sonawalla SB, Agoston AM, Smith J, Beaumont EC, Dahan LE, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Fava M. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate for major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;70(12):1636-44. Epub 2009 Aug 25.
Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:477-9.
Rapaport MH, Nierenberg AA, Schettler PJ, Kinkead B, Cardoos A, Walker R, Mischoulon D. Inflammation as a predictive biomarker for response to omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: a proof-of-concept study. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Mar 24. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.22.
Rondanelli M, Giacosa A, Opizzi A et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on depressive symptoms and on health-related quality of life in the treatment of elderly women with depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Feb;29(1):55-64.
6.3. Autismo

Al-Farsi YM, Waly MI, Deth RC et al. Impact of nutrition on serum levels of docosahexaenoic acid among Omani children with autism. Nutrition. 2013;29(9):1142-1146.
Bent S, Bertoglio K, Ashwood P et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids for autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011 May;41(5):545-54.
Ooi YP, Weng SJ, Jang LY, Low L, Seah J, Teo S, Ang RP, Lim CG, Liew A, Fung DS, Sung M. Omega-3 fatty acids in the management of autism spectrum disorders: findings from an open-label pilot study in Singapore. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015 Mar 25. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.28.
6.4. Trastorno bipolar

Clayton EH, Hanstock TL, Hirneth SJ et al. Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Aug;63(8):1037-1040.
Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:407-12.
6.5. Personalidad borderline

Amminger GP, Chanen AM, Ohmann S et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in adolescents with borderline personality disorder and ultra-high risk criteria for psychosis: a post hoc subgroup analysis of a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2013;58(7):402-408.
Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. omega-3 Fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):167-169.
6.6. Abuso de sustancias

Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease anxiety feelings in a population of substance abusers. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Dec;26(6):661-5.
Neuroinflammatory PARP pathways in ethanol-dependent neurodegeneration: Suppression by Omega-3 fatty acid. European Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism, September 8�11, 2013 Warsaw, Poland. Free oral communications. Supported by USPHS UO1 AA018279 and the Loyola Univ. Alcohol Research Program.
6.7. Trastornos psic�ticos

Amminger GP, Sch�fer MR, Papageorgiou K et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Feb;67(2):146-54.






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