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4. Omega-3 en la gestaci�n, la lactancia y la infancia

Al MD, van Houwelingen AC, Kester AD, Hasaart TH, de Jong AE, Hornstra G. Maternal essential fatty acid patterns during normal pregnancy and their relationship to the neonatal essential fatty acid status. Br J Nutr 1995; 74(1): 55-68.
Carlson SE, Colombo J, Gajewski BJ et al. DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(4):808-815.
Coletta JM, Bell SJ, Roman AS. Omega-3 fatty acids and pregnancy. Reviews In Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2010;3(4):163-171.
Contreras M. A, Herrera Y, Rodr�guez O. L et al. Aceptabilidad y consumo de una bebida l�ctea con Omega�3 en embarazadas y nodrizas del programa nacional de alimentaci�n complementaria. Rev Chil Nutr 2011;38(3): 313�320.
Escamilla-Nu�ez MC, Barraza-Villarreal A, Hern�ndez-Cadena L, Navarro-Olivos E, Sly PD, Romieu I. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and respiratory symptoms in Children. Chest. 2014 Mar 13. doi: 10.1378/chest.13-1432.
Hageman JHJ,Hooyenga P, Diersen-Schade DA et al. The Impact of Dietary Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Respiratory Illness in Infants and Children. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2012;12(6):564-573.
Jordan RG. Prenatal omega-3 fatty acids: review and recommendations. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010;55(6):520-528.
Koletzko B, Lien E, Agostoni C, B�hles H, Campoy C, Cetin I, y cols. World Association of Perinatal Medicine Dietary Guidelines Working Group. Recommendations and guidelines for perinatal practice. The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: Review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J Perinat Med 2008;36:5-14.
Larqu� E, Gil-S�nchez A, Prieto-S�nchez MT et al. Omega 3 fatty acids, gestation and pregnancy outcomes. Br J Nutr. 2012;107 Suppl 2:S77-S84.
Nishimura RY, Barbieiri P, de Castro GS, Jord�o AA Jr, da Silva Castro Perdon� G, Sartorelli DS. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during late pregnancy affects fatty acid composition of mature breast milk. Nutrition. 2013 Nov 19. pii: S0899-9007(13)00504-2.
Skilton MR, Ayer JG, Harmer JA et al. Impaired fetal growth and arterial wall thickening: a randomized trial of ?-3 supplementation. Pediatrics 2012;129(3):e698-703.
Van Goor SA, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Hadders-Algra M et al. Human milk arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents increase following supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009;80:65-69.
4.1. Prevenci�n de parto pret�rmino

Salvig JD, Lamont RF. Evidence regarding an effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(8):825-838.
Yamashita A, Kawana K, Tomio K et al. Increased tissue levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents pathological preterm birth. Sci Rep. 2013 Nov 1;3:3113.
4.2. Preeclampsia

Kulkarni AV, Mehendale SS, Yadav HR et al. Reduced placental docosahexaenoic acid levels associated with increased levels of sFlt-1 in preeclampsia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2011 Jan-Feb;84(1-2):51-55.
4.3. Ni�os prematuros

Crawford M. Placental delivery of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids: implications for the lipid nutrition of preterm infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 275-84.
Hellstr�m A, Smith LE, Dammann O. Retinopathy of prematurity. Lancet. 2013 Oct 26;382(9902):1445-57.
Skilton MR, Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS. High intake of dietary long-chain ?-3 fatty acids is associated with lower blood pressure in children born with low birth weight: NHANES 2003-2008. Hypertension. 2013 May;61(5):972-6.
Yang Q, Ayers K, Chen Y, O'Shea TM. Early Enteral Fat Supplementation Improves Protein Absorption in Premature Infants with an Enterostomy. Neonatology. 2014 Mar 6;106(1):10-16.
4.4. Desarrollo neurol�gico en el feto e infancia

Strickland AD. Prevention of cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit - Hyperactivity disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2014 May;82(5):522-8.
Carlson SE. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):678S-84S. Epub 2008 Dec 30.
Gil-Campos M, Dalmau Serra J; Comit� de Nutrici�n de la Asociaci�n Espa�ola de Pediatr�a. [Importance of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): Functions and recommendations for its ingestion in infants]. An Pediatr (Barc). 2010 Sep;73(3):142.e1-8. Epub 2010 Jun 8.
Levant B, Radel JD, Carlson SE. Decreased brain docosahexaenoic acid during development alters dopamine-related behaviors in adult rats that are differentially affected by dietary remediation. Behav Brain Res 2004;152:49-57.
Morse NL. Benefits of docosahexaenoic acid, folic acid, vitamin D and iodine on foetal and infant brain development and function following maternal supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients. 2012;4(7):799-840.
Valenzuela A, Nieto S. �cido docosahexaenoico (DHA) en el desarrollo fetal y en la nutrici�n materno-infantil. Rev Med Chile. 2001;129:1203-11.
Williams JJ, Mayurasakorn K, Vannucci SJ et al. N-3 fatty acid rich triglyceride emulsions are neuroprotective after cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury in neonatal mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56233. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056233. Epub 2013 Feb 20.
Zimmer L, Vancassel S, Cantagrel S, et al. The dopamine mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected by deficiency in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75:662-7.
4.5. Desarrollo visual y cognitivo en la infancia

Agostoni C, Trojan S, Bell� R, Riva E, Brunezze M, Giovannini M. Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: a follow-up study. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76:421-4.
Birch E, Hoffman D, Uauy R. Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants. Pediatr Res 1998; 44: 1-9.
Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR et al. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;91(4):848-59.
Colombo J, Carlson SE, Cheatham CL, Shaddy DJ, Kerling EH, Thodosoff JM, Gustafson KM, Brez C. Long-term effects of LCPUFA supplementation on childhood cognitive outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Aug;98(2):403-12.
Cunnane S. Fatty acid profiles of maternal adipose tissue in relation to infant development. Brit J Nutr 1999; 82: 253-4.
Heird WC, Lapillonne A. The role of essential fatty acids in development. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:54971.
Jacques C, Levy E, Muckle G et al. Long-term effects of prenatal omega-3 fatty acid intake on visual function in school-age children. J Pediatr 2011;158(1):83-90.
Lassek WD, Gaulin SJ. Maternal milk DHA content predicts cognitive performance in 28 nations. Matern Child Nutr 2013; Jun 25 doi: 10.1111/mcn.12060
Richardson AJ, Burton JR, Sewell RP et al. Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, cognition and behavior in children aged 7-9 years: a randomized, controlled trial (the DOLAB Study). PLoS One 2012;7(9):e43909.
Sastry P. Lipids in the nervous system: Compo sition and metabolism. Prog Lipid Res. 1985;24:69-176.
Uauy R, Hoffman D, Peirano P, Birch D, Birch E. Essential fatty acids in visual and brain development. Lipids. 2001;36:885-95.
Uauy R, Mena P, Valenzuela A. Essential fatty acids as determinants of lipid requirements in infants, children and adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53: 66-77
4.6. Alergias

Furuhjelm C, Warstedt K, Larsson J, et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:1461-1467.
Saadeh D, Salameh P, Baldi I et al. Diet and Allergic Diseases among Population Aged 0 to 18 Years: Myth or Reality? Nutrients. 2013 Aug 29;5(9):3399-3423.
4.7. Asma

Brannan JD, Bood J, Alkhabaz A, Balgoma D, Otis J, Delin I, Dahl�n B, Wheelock CE, Nair P, Dahl�n SE, O'Byrne PM. �The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, sputum eosinophilia, and mast cell mediators in asthma.� Chest. 2015 Feb;147(2):397-405.
Hageman JHJ,Hooyenga P, Diersen�Schade DA et al. The Impact of Dietary Long�Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Respiratory Illness in Infants and Children. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2012;12(6):564�573.
Malan L, Baumgartner J, Calder PC, Zimmermann MB, Smuts CM. �n-3 Long-chain PUFAs reduce respiratory morbidity caused by iron supplementation in iron-deficient South African schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention.� Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Mar;101(3):668-79. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.081208.
Wood LG. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015 Mar;18(2):128-32.
4.8. Sue�o

Montgomery P. Omega-3 DHA and Children�s Sleep: New findings from the DOLAB Studies. Omega-3 DHA and Children�s Behaviour and Learning: New Insights from the �DOLAB� Studies. 4 September 2013 � The Royal College of Surgeons, London.






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