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3. Omega-3 y sistema cardiovascular

Aarsetoey H, Grundt H, Nygaard O et al. The role of long-chained marine N-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:303456.
Adkins Y, Kelley DS. Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Sep;21(9):781-92.
Bang HO, Dyerberg J, Sinclair HM. The composition of the Eskimo food in north western Greenland. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:2657-61.
Bouchard-Mercier A, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Vohl MC. An interaction effect between glucokinase gene variation and carbohydrate intakes modulates the plasma triglyceride response to a fish oil supplementation. Genes Nutr. 2014 May;9(3):395.
Calder PC. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Clin Sci (Lond). 2004;107:1-11.
Davis MB, Duvernoy CS. How to stay heart healthy in 2011: considerations for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2011 Jul;7(4):433-51.
Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J et al. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107 Suppl 2:S201-13.
Engler MB. Vascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids: possible therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1994 Apr;8(3):53-67.
Galli C, Ris� P. Fish consumption, omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. The science and the clinical trials. Nutr Health. 2009;20(1):11-20.
Garc�a-R�os A, Meneses ME, P�rez-Mart�nez P, P�rez-Jim�nez F. Omega-3 and cardiovascular disease: beyond the risk factors. Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. 2009;29(1):4-16.
Ghio S, Scelsi L, Latini R et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and of rosuvastatin on left ventricular function in chronic heart failure: a substudy of GISSI-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Dec;12(12):1345-53.
Hansen SN, Harris WS. New evidence for the cardiovascular benefits of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):434-40
He K. Fish, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular disease--eat fish or take fish oil supplement? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Sep-Oct;52(2):95-114.
Ito R, et al. An Increase in the EPA/AA Ratio is Associated with Improved Arterial Stiffness in Obese Patients with Dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014 Mar 27;21(3):248-60.
Kawauchi K, Tani S, Nagao K, Hirayama A. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with soluble thrombomodulin as a marker of endothelial damage: A cross-sectional pilot study. J Cardiol. 2014 Mar 25. pii: S0914-5087(14)00050-1.
Kohashi K, et al. Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on the Levels of Inflammatory Markers, Cardiac Function and Long-Term Prognosis in Chronic Heart Failure Patients with Dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb.
Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-57.
Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Mehra MR, Ventura HO. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Aug 11;54(7):585-94.
Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Harris WS. Omega-3 fatty acids: cardiovascular benefits, sources and sustainability. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009 Dec;6(12):753-8. Epub 2009 Oct 27.
Lee KW, Lip GYH. The role of omega-3-fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. QJM 2003;96:465-80.
Lee SM, An WS. Cardioprotective effects of ? -3 PUFAs in chronic kidney disease. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:712949.
McEwen BJ, Morel-Kopp MC, Chen W et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet function in healthy subjects and subjects with cardiovascular disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013 Feb;39(1):25-32.
Mohebi-Nejad A, Bikdeli B. Omega-3 supplements and cardiovascular diseases. Tanaffos. 2014;13(1):6-14.
Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. (n-3) fatty acids and cardiovascular health: are effects of EPA and DHA shared or complementary? J Nutr. 2012; 142:614S-625S.
Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 8;58(20):2047-67.
Nishio R, Shinke T, Otake H, Nakagawa M, Nagoshi R, Inoue T, Kozuki A, Hariki H, Osue T, Taniguchi Y, Iwasaki M, Hiranuma N, Konishi A, Kinutani H, Shite J, Hirata K. Stabilizing effect of combined eicosapentaenoic acid and statin therapy on coronary thin-cap fibroatheroma. Atherosclerosis. 2014 May;234(1):114-9. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.025. Epub 2014 Mar 5.
Nodari S, Triggiani M, Campia U et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on left ventricular function and functional capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Feb 15;57(7):870-9.
Saravanan P, Davidson NC, Schmidt EB, Calder PC. Cardiovascular effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids. Lancet. 2010 Aug 14;376(9740):540-50. Epub 2010 Jul 15.
Saremi A, Arora R. The utility of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Am J Ther. 2009 Sep-Oct;16(5):421-36.
Silva PS, Sperandio da Silva GM, de Souza AP et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013 Nov 11;14(1):379.
Str�m M, Halldorsson TI, Mortensen EL et al. Fish, n�3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular diseases in women of reproductive age: a prospective study in a large national cohort. Hypertension 2012;59(1):36�43
The European Heart Network (EHN). Food, nutrition and cardiovascular disease prevention in the European region: challenges for the new millenium. Brussels: European Heart Network; 2002.
Vrabl�k M, Prus�kov� M, Snejdrlov� M, Zlatohl�vek L. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk: do we understand the relationship? Physiol Res. 2009;58 Suppl 1:S19-26.
Yamagishi K, Iso H, Date C, Fukui M, Wakai K, Kikuchi S, Inaba Y, Tanabe N, Tamakoshi A; Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk Study Group. Fish, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide community-based cohort of Japanese men and women the JACC (Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Sep 16;52(12):988-96.
Yokoyama M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:1090-98.
3.1. Presi�n arterial

Appel LJ, Miller ER 3rd, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with "fish oil" reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Int Med.1993; 153:429-38.
Brown AA, Hu FB. Dietary modulation of endothelial function: implications for cardiovascular disease. 2001 Apr;73(4):673-86.
Dokholyan RS, Albert CM, Appel LJ, Cook NR, Whelton P, Hennekens CH. A trial of omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Apr 15;93(8):1041-3.
Fukami A, Adachi H, Hirai Y, Enomoto M, Otsuka M, Kumagai E, Nakamura S, Yoshimura A, Obuchi A, Nohara Y, Nakao E, Hori K, Fukumoto Y. �Association of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratio with microalbuminuria in a population of community-dwelling Japanese.� Atherosclerosis. 2015 Apr;239(2):577-82. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.033.
Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and lipoproteins: comparison of results from human and animal studies. Lipids. 1996;31:243-252.
Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Hypertens (2014) doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu024 First published online: March 6, 2014.
Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Hypertens. 2014 Mar 6.
Mori TA. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertension in humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 Sep;33(9):842-6.
Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation. 1993; 88:523-33.
Radosinska J, Bacova B, Knezl V et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids attenuate myocardial arrhythmogenic factors and propensity of the heart to lethal arrhythmias in a rodent model of human essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013 Sep;31(9):1876-85.
Skilton MR, Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS. High intake of dietary long-chain ?-3 fatty acids is associated with lower blood pressure in children born with low birth weight: NHANES 2003-2008. Hypertension. 2013 May;61(5):972-6.
Ulu A, Harris TR, Morisseau C et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in angiotensin-II-dependent hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013 Sep;62(3):285-97.
3.2. Muerte s�bita

Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, B�cker D, Hauer RN, Wever EF, Dullemeijer C, Ronden JE, Katan MB, Lubinski A, Buschler H, Schouten EG; SOFA Study Group. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(22):2613-9.
Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, y cols. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART). Lancet 1989; 2: 757-61.
Casula M, Soranna D, Catapano AL et al. Long-term effect of high dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trials. Atheroscler Suppl 2013;14(2):243-251.
Connolly SJ, Healey JS. Omega-3 fatty acids and sudden arrhythmic death. Herz. 2006 Dec;31 Suppl 3:59-64.
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell�Infarto miocardico. Lancet 1999;354:447-55.
Kottke TE, Wu LA, Brekke LN, Brekke MJ, White RD. Preventing sudden death with n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids and defibrillators. Am J Prev Med. 2006 Oct;31(4):316-323.
Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M, Steinhaus D, Kluger J, Kang JX, Cox B, Zhang H, Schoenfeld D; Fatty Acid Antiarrhythmia Trial Investigators. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk sub- jects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005;112(18):2762-8.
Lee KW, Hamaad A, MacFadyen RJ, Lip GY .Effects of dietary fat intake in sudden death: reduction of death with omega-3 fatty acids. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2004 Sep;6(5):371-8.
Lee KW, Lip GYH. The role of omega-3-fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. QJM 2003;96:465-80.
Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112(13):1945-52.
Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, Lemaitre RN, Burke GL, Lyles MF, Lefkowitz D, Siscovick DS. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004;110(4):368-73.
Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 8;58(20):2047-67.
O'Keefe JH Jr, Abuissa H, Sastre A, y cols. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97(8): 1127-30.
Rauch B, Schiele R, Schneider S, Gohlke H, Diller F, Gottwik M, Steinbeck G, Heer T, Katus H, Zimmer R, Erdogan A, Pfafferott C, Senges J; Omega-Study Group. Highly purified omega-3 fatty acids for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction-aims and methods of the OMEGA-study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2006 Oct;20(5):365-75.
Richter WO. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish reduce sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur J Med Res. 2003 Aug 20;8(8):332-6.
Scorza FA, Cysneiros RM, Arida RM, Terra-Bustamante VC, de Albuquerque M, Cavalheiro EA. The other side of the coin: Beneficiary effect of omega-3 fatty acids in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2008 Aug;13(2):279-83.
Scorza FA. Sudden unexpected death in children with epilepsy: Focus on dietary supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Epilepsy Behav. 2015 Feb 25;44C:169-170. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.01.002.
Taha AY, Ciobanu FA, Saxena A, McIntyre Burnham W. Assessing the link between omega-3 fatty acids, cardiac arrest, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009 Jan;14(1):27-31. Epub 2008 Dec 2.
Zhao YT, Chen Q, Sun YX, Li XB, Zhang P, Xu Y, Guo JH. Prevention of sudden cardiac death with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med. 2009;41(4):301-10.
Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death-executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(17): 2099-140.
3.3. L�pidos plasm�ticos

Adler AJ, Holub BJ: Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentration in hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:445-50.
Caballero R, G�mez R, N��ez L. Farmacolog�a de los �cidos grasos omega-3. Rev Esp Cardiol Supl. 2006;6:3D-19D.
Calder PC. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Clin Sci (Lond). 2004;107:1-11.
Cobiac L, Clifton PM, Abbey M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vsfish-oil n-3 fatty acids in midly hyperlipidemic males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:1210-16.
Dayspring, TD. Understanding hypertriglyceridemia in women: clinical impact and management with prescription omega�3�acid ethyl esters. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3:87�97.
Hedengran A, Szecsi PB, Dyerberg J, Harris WS, Stender S. n-3 PUFA esterified to glycerol or as ethyl esters reduce non-fasting plasma triacylglycerol in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia: a randomized trial. Lipids. 2015 Feb;50(2):165-75. doi: 10.1007/s11745-014-3968-6.
Ikeya Y, Fukuyama N, Mori H. �Low plasma eicosapentaenoic acid concentration as a possible risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage.� Nutr Res. 2015 Mar;35(3):214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.01.003.
Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-57.
Layne KS, Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, Ryan EA, Chow P, Clandinin MT. Normal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels. J Nutr. 1996;266:2130-40.
Malyszko JS, Malyszko J, Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M. Effect of treating glomerulonephritis with omega 3 fatty acids for selected parameters of hemostasis, blood platelet function and lipid metabolism. Przegl Lek. 1996;53(8):600-3.
Micallef MA, Garg ML. Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols in hyperlipidemic individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Jun;204(2):476-82.
Nakao J, Ohba T, Takaishi K, Katabuchi H. �Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia during the second trimester.� Nutrition. 2015 Feb;31(2):409-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.006.
Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jul 12.
Seo T, Blazer WS, Deckelbaum RJ. Omega-3 fatty acids: molecular approaches to optimal biological outcomes. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005; 16: 11-18.
Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS et al. Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb;93(2):243-52.
Visioli F, Rise P, Plasmati E, Pazzucconi F, Sirtori CR, Galli C: Very low intakes of n-3 fatty acids incorporated into bovine milk reduce plasma triacylglycerol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Pharmacol Res 2000; 41: 571-576.
Williams CM, Moore F, Morgan L, Wright J. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on postprandial triacylglycerol and hormone concentrations in normal subjects. Br J Nutr. 1992;68:655-66.
Zampelas A, Roche H, Knapper JM y cols. Differences in postprandial lipemic response between Northern and Southern Europeans. Atherosclerosis.1998;139:83-93.
3.4. Agregaci�n plaquetaria

Kaminski WE, Jendraschak E, Kiefl R, von Schacky C. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids lower levels of platelet-derived growth factor mRNA in human mononuclear cells. Blood. 1993 Apr 1;81(7):1871-9.
Malyszko JS, Malyszko J, Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M. Effect of treating glomerulonephritis with omega 3 fatty acids for selected parameters of hemostasis, blood platelet function and lipid metabolism. Przegl Lek. 1996;53(8):600-3.
McEwen BJ, Morel-Kopp MC, Chen W et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet function in healthy subjects and subjects with cardiovascular disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013 Feb;39(1):25-32.
Phang M, Garg ML, Sinclair AJ. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is gender specific-Redefining platelet response to fish oils. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009 Jul;81(1):35-40.
Schoene NW. Vitamin E and omega-3 fatty acids: effectors of platelet responsiveness. Nutrition. 2001 Oct;17(10):793-6.
3.5. Arteriosclerosis

Brown AL, Zhu X, Rong S et al. Omega-3 fatty acids ameliorate atherosclerosis by favorably altering monocyte subsets and limiting monocyte recruitment to aortic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Sep;32(9):2122-30.
Calder PC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity. Lipids 2001;36:10007-24.
Chang CL, Deckelbaum RJ. Omega-3 fatty acids: mechanisms underlying 'protective effects' in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013 Aug;24(4):345-50.
de Roos B, Mavrommatis Y, Brouwer IA. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: new insights into mechanisms relating to inflammation and coronary heart disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;158(2):413-28. Epub 2009 May 5.
Deckelbaum RJ. n-6 and n-3 Fatty acids and atherosclerosis: ratios or amounts? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Dec;30(12):2325-6. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.214353.
Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.
Engler MB. Vascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids: possible therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1994 Apr;8(3):53-67.
Garc�a-R�os A, Meneses ME, P�rez-Mart�nez P, P�rez-Jim�nez F. Omega-3 and cardiovascular disease: beyond the risk factors. Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. 2009;29(1):4-16.
Goodnight SH Jr. The vascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Aug;93(2 Suppl):102S-106S.
Grenon SM, Conte MS, Nosova E et al. Association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of red blood cells and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2013 Nov;58(5):1283-90.
Lee TH, Hoover RL, Williams JD, Sperling RI, Ravalese J 3rd, Spur BW, Robinson DR, Corey EJ, Lewis RA, Austen KF. Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neu- trophil function. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312(19): 1217-24.
Mostowik M, Gajos G, Zalewski J et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase plasma adiponectin to leptin ratio in stable coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2013 Aug;27(4):289-95.
Nakakuki M, Kawano H, Notsu T et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid suppresses palmitate-induced cytokine production by modulating long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 expression in human THP-1 macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 2013 Apr;227(2):289-96.
Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Atheroscler Suppl. 2013 Aug;14(2):237-42.
Shen L, Peng H, Peng R, Fan Q, Zhao S, Xu D, Morisseau C, Chiamvimonvat N, Hammock BD. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Apr;239(2):557-65. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.014.
Sugiura T, Yoshikawa D, Ishii H et al. Relation of omega-3 fatty acid and C-reactive protein to peripheral artery disease in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Vessels. 2013 Jun 26.
Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF. Association of n-3 polyunsatu- rated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a rando- mised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 477-485
Von Schacky C, Baumann K, Angerer P. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis: Results from SCIMO, an angiographic study, background and implications. Lipids. 2001;36:99S-102S.
West SG, Hecker KD, Mustad VA, Nicholson S, Schoemer SL, Wagner P, Hinderliter AL, Ulbrecht J, Ruey P, Kris-Etherton PM. Acute effects of monounsaturated fatty acids with and without omega-3 fatty acids on vascular reactivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005 Jan;48(1):113-22. Epub 2004 Dec 29.
Zhao YT, Chen Q, Sun YX, Li XB, Zhang P, Xu Y, Guo JH. Prevention of sudden cardiac death with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Med. 2009;41(4):301-10.
3.6. Arritmias

Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, B�cker D, Hauer RN, Wever EF, Dullemeijer C, Ronden JE, Katan MB, Lubinski A, Buschler H, Schouten EG; SOFA Study Group. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(22):2613-9.
Jain AP, Aggarwal KK, Zhang PY. �Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease.� Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Feb;19(3):441-5.
Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M, Steinhaus D, Kluger J, Kang JX, Cox B, Zhang H, Schoenfeld D; Fatty Acid Antiarrhythmia Trial Investigators. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk sub- jects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005;112(18):2762-8.
Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112(13):1945-52.
Nair SS, Leitch JW, Falconer J, Garg ML. Prevention of cardiac arrhythmia by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their mechanism of action. J Nutr. 1997;127(3):383-93.
O'Keefe JH Jr, Abuissa H, Sastre A, y cols. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97(8): 1127-30.
Radosinska J, Bacova B, Knezl V et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids attenuate myocardial arrhythmogenic factors and propensity of the heart to lethal arrhythmias in a rodent model of human essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013 Sep;31(9):1876-85.
Rupp H, Wagner D, Rupp T, Schulte LM, Maisch B. Risk stratification by the "EPA+DHA level" and the "EPA/AA ratio" focus on anti-inflammatory and antiarrhythmogenic effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Herz. 2004 Nov;29(7):673-85.
Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death-executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(17): 2099-140.
3.7. Fibrilaci�n auricular

Masson S, Wu JH, Simon C, Barlera S, Marchioli R, Mariani J, Macchia A, Lombardi F, Vago T, Aleksova A, Dreas L, Favaloro RR, Hershson AR, Puskas JD, Dozza L, Silletta MG, Tognoni G, Mozaffarian D, Latini R; OPERA Investigators. �Circulating cardiac biomarkers and postoperative atrial fibrillation in the OPERA trial.� Eur J Clin Invest. 2015 Feb;45(2):170-8. doi: 10.1111/eci.12393.
Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, Lemaitre RN, Burke GL, Lyles MF, Lefkowitz D, Siscovick DS. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004;110(4):368-73.
Nodari S, Triggiani M, Campia U et al. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrences after electrical cardioversion: a prospective, randomized study. Circulation. 2011 Sep 6;124(10):1100-6.






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