Studies

Cardiology

Endo J, Arita M. Cardioprotective mechanism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Cardiol. 2015 Sep 7. pii: S0914-5087(15)00230-0.

Wu C, Kato TS, Ji R1, Zizola C, Brunjes DL, Deng Y, Akashi H, Armstrong HF, Kennel PJ, Thomas T, Forman DE, Hall J, Chokshi A, Bartels MN, Mancini D, Seres D, Schulze PC. Supplementation of L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine and Fish Oil Improves Body Composition and Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2015 Aug 12. pii: CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002073.

Fontes JD, Rahman F, Lacey S, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Harris WS, Robins SJ. Red blood cell fatty acids and biomarkers of inflammation: A cross-sectional study in a community-based cohort. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Jun;240(2):431-6. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.043.

Bouchard-Mercier A, Rudkowska I, Lemieux S, Couture P, Vohl MC. An interaction effect between glucokinase gene variation and carbohydrate intakes modulates the plasma triglyceride response to a fish oil supplementation. Genes Nutr. 2014 May;9(3):395.

Nishio R, Shinke T, Otake H, Nakagawa M, Nagoshi R, Inoue T, Kozuki A, Hariki H, Osue T, Taniguchi Y, Iwasaki M, Hiranuma N, Konishi A, Kinutani H, Shite J, Hirata K. Stabilizing effect of combined eicosapentaenoic acid and statin therapy on coronary thin-cap fibroatheroma. Atherosclerosis. 2014 May;234(1):114-9. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.02.025. Epub 2014 Mar 5.

Ito R, et al. An Increase in the EPA/AA Ratio is Associated with Improved Arterial Stiffness in Obese Patients with Dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014 Mar 27;21(3):248-60. FULL TEXT

Kawauchi K, Tani S, Nagao K, Hirayama A. Association of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with soluble thrombomodulin as a marker of endothelial damage: A cross-sectional pilot study. J Cardiol. 2014 Mar 25. pii: S0914-5087(14)00050-1.

Mohebi-Nejad A, Bikdeli B. Omega-3 supplements and cardiovascular diseases. Tanaffos. 2014;13(1):6-14. FULL TEXT

Kohashi K, et al. Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid on the Levels of Inflammatory Markers, Cardiac Function and Long-Term Prognosis in Chronic Heart Failure Patients with Dyslipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2014; 21. FULL TEXT

Silva PS, Sperandio da Silva GM, de Souza AP et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013 Nov 11;14(1):379. FULL TEXT

McEwen BJ, Morel-Kopp MC, Chen W et al. Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on platelet function in healthy subjects and subjects with cardiovascular disease. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013 Feb;39(1):25-32.

Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J et al. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107 Suppl 2:S201-13.

Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. (n-3) fatty acids and cardiovascular health: are effects of EPA and DHA shared or complementary? J Nutr. 2012; 142:614S-625S. FULL TEXT

Strøm M, Halldorsson TI, Mortensen EL et al. Fish, n¬3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular diseases in women of reproductive age: a prospective study in a large national cohort. Hypertension 2012;59(1):36¬43 FULL TEXT

Aarsetoey H, Grundt H, Nygaard O et al. The role of long-chained marine N-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:303456. FULL TEXT

Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 8;58(20):2047-67. FULL TEXT

Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Nov 8;58(20):2047-67.

Davis MB, Duvernoy CS. How to stay heart healthy in 2011: considerations for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. Womens Health (Lond Engl). 2011 Jul;7(4):433-51. FULL TEXT

Nodari S, Triggiani M, Campia U et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on left ventricular function and functional capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Feb 15;57(7):870-9.

Ghio S, Scelsi L, Latini R et al. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and of rosuvastatin on left ventricular function in chronic heart failure: a substudy of GISSI-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010 Dec;12(12):1345-53.

Adkins Y, Kelley DS. Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Nutr Biochem. 2010 Sep;21(9):781-92.

Saravanan P, Davidson NC, Schmidt EB, Calder PC. Cardiovascular effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids. Lancet. 2010 Aug 14;376(9740):540-50. Epub 2010 Jul 15.

Lee JH, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ, Harris WS. Omega-3 fatty acids: cardiovascular benefits, sources and sustainability. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2009 Dec;6(12):753-8. Epub 2009 Oct 27.

He K. Fish, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular disease--eat fish or take fish oil supplement? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009 Sep-Oct;52(2):95-114.

Saremi A, Arora R. The utility of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Am J Ther. 2009 Sep-Oct;16(5):421-36.

Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Mehra MR, Ventura HO. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Aug 11;54(7):585-94.

Galli C, Risé P. Fish consumption, omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. The science and the clinical trials. Nutr Health. 2009;20(1):11-20.

Vrablík M, Prusíková M, Snejdrlová M, Zlatohlávek L. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk: do we understand the relationship? Physiol Res. 2009;58 Suppl 1:S19-26. FULL TEXT

García-Ríos A, Meneses ME, Pérez-Martínez P, Pérez-Jiménez F. Omega-3 y enfermedad cardiovascular: más allá de los factores de riesgo. Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. 2009;29(1):4-16. FULL TEXT

Blog

Yamagishi K, Iso H, Date C, Fukui M, Wakai K, Kikuchi S, Inaba Y, Tanabe N, Tamakoshi A; Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk Study Group. Fish, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide community-based cohort of Japanese men and women the JACC (Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Sep 16;52(12):988-96.

Hansen SN, Harris WS. New evidence for the cardiovascular benefits of long chain omega-3 fatty acids. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2007 Dec;9(6):434-40

Yokoyama M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:1090-98.

Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112(13):1945-52. FULL TEXT

Gaibazzi N, Ziacchi V. Reversibility of stress-echo induced ST-segment depression by long-term oral n-3 PUFA supplementation in subjects with chest pain syndrome, normal wall motion at stress-echo and normal coronary angiogram. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2004 Mar 23;4:1. FULL TEXT

Calder PC. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Clin Sci (Lond). 2004;107:1-11.

Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, Lemaitre RN, Burke GL, Lyles MF, Lefkowitz D, Siscovick DS. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004;110(4):368-73. FULL TEXT

Lee KW, Lip GYH. The role of omega-3-fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. QJM 2003;96:465-80. FULL TEXT

Lee KW, Lip GYH. The role of omega-3-fatty acids in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. QJM 2003;96:465-80. FULL TEXT

The European Heart Network (EHN). Food, nutrition and cardiovascular disease prevention in the European region: challenges for the new millenium. Brussels: European Heart Network; 2002. FULL TEXT

Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-57. FULL TEXT

Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ; American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-57. FULL TEXT

Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and lipoproteins: comparison of results from human and animal studies. Lipids. 1996;31:243-252.

Engler MB. Vascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids: possible therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1994 Apr;8(3):53-67.

Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, y cols. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART). Lancet 1989; 2: 757-61.

Bang HO, Dyerberg J, Sinclair HM. The composition of the Eskimo food in north western Greenland. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:2657-61. FULL TEXT

Arrhythmias

Roy J, Oger C, Thireau J, Roussel J, Mercier-Touzet O, Faure D, Pinot E, Farah C, Taber DF, Cristol JP, Lee JC, Lacampagne A, Galano JM, Durand T, Le Guennec JY. Nonenzymatic lipid mediators, neuroprostanes, exert the antiarrhythmic properties of docosahexaenoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Sep;86:269-78.

Jain AP, Aggarwal KK, Zhang PY. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Feb;19(3):441-5. FULL TEXT

Rupp H, Wagner D, Rupp T, Schulte LM, Maisch B. Risk stratification by the "EPA+DHA level" and the "EPA/AA ratio" focus on anti-inflammatory and antiarrhythmogenic effects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Herz. 2004 Nov;29(7):673-85.

Radosinska J, Bacova B, Knezl V et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids attenuate myocardial arrhythmogenic factors and propensity of the heart to lethal arrhythmias in a rodent model of human essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013 Sep;31(9):1876-85.

Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force; European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines; European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death-executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(17): 2099-140. FULL TEXT

Brouwer IA, Zock PL, Camm AJ, Böcker D, Hauer RN, Wever EF, Dullemeijer C, Ronden JE, Katan MB, Lubinski A, Buschler H, Schouten EG; SOFA Study Group. Effect of fish oil on ventricular tachyarrhythmia and death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the Study on Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Ventricular Arrhythmia (SOFA) randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295(22):2613-9.

O'Keefe JH Jr, Abuissa H, Sastre A, y cols. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on resting heart rate, heart rate recovery after exercise, and heart rate variability in men with healed myocardial infarctions and depressed ejection fractions. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97(8): 1127-30.

Mozaffarian D, Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005;112(13):1945-52. FULL TEXT

Leaf A, Albert CM, Josephson M, Steinhaus D, Kluger J, Kang JX, Cox B, Zhang H, Schoenfeld D; Fatty Acid Antiarrhythmia Trial Investigators. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk sub- jects by fish oil n-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005;112(18):2762-8. FULL TEXT

Nair SS, Leitch JW, Falconer J, Garg ML. Prevention of cardiac arrhythmia by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their mechanism of action. J Nutr. 1997;127(3):383-93. FULL TEXT

Arteriosclerosis

Monahan KD, Feehan RP, Blaha C, McLaughlin DJ. Effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on central arterial stiffness and arterial wave reflections in young and older healthy adults. Physiol Rep. 2015 Jun;3(6). pii: e12438. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12438. FULL TEXT

Borow KM, Nelson JR, Mason RP. Biologic plausibility, cellular effects, and molecular mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Sep;242(1):357-66. FULL TEXT

Borow KM, Nelson JR, Mason RP. Biologic plausibility, cellular effects, and molecular mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Sep;242(1):357-66.

Yoshihara T, Shimada K, Fukao K, Sai E, Sato-Okabayashi Y, Matsumori R, Shiozawa T, Alshahi H, Miyazaki T, Tada N, Daida H. Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Suppress the Development of Aortic Aneurysms Through the Inhibition of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation. Circ J. 2015 Jun 25;79(7):1470-8. FULL TEXT

Yoshihara T, Shimada K, Fukao K, Sai E, Sato-Okabayashi Y, Matsumori R, Shiozawa T, Alshahi H, Miyazaki T, Tada N, Daida H. Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Suppress the Development of Aortic Aneurysms Through the Inhibition of Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation. Circ J. 2015 Apr 30. FULL TEXT

Roy J, Oger C, Thireau J, Roussel J, Mercier-Touzet O, Faure D, Pinot E, Farah C, Taber DF, Cristol JP, Lee JC, Lacampagne A, Galano JM, Durand T, Le Guennec JY. Non-enzymatic lipid mediators, neuroprostanes, exert the anti-arrhythmic properties of docosahexaenoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 Apr 21. pii: S0891-5849(15)00177-X. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.014.

Guichardant M, Calzada C, Bernoud-Hubac N, Lagarde M, Véricel E. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxygenated metabolism in atherothrombosis. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Apr;1851(4):485-495. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.013.

Shen L, Peng H, Peng R, Fan Q, Zhao S, Xu D, Morisseau C, Chiamvimonvat N, Hammock BD. Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase in mice promotes reverse cholesterol transport and regression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2015 Apr;239(2):557-65. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.014.

Grenon SM, Conte MS, Nosova E et al. Association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of red blood cells and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2013 Nov;58(5):1283-90. FULL TEXT

Mostowik M, Gajos G, Zalewski J et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increase plasma adiponectin to leptin ratio in stable coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2013 Aug;27(4):289-95. FULL TEXT

Chang CL, Deckelbaum RJ. Omega-3 fatty acids: mechanisms underlying 'protective effects' in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013 Aug;24(4):345-50. FULL TEXT

Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Atheroscler Suppl. 2013 Aug;14(2):237-42.

Sugiura T, Yoshikawa D, Ishii H et al. Relation of omega-3 fatty acid and C-reactive protein to peripheral artery disease in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart Vessels. 2013 Jun 26.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Devaraj S, Chien A, Rao B et al. Modulation of endothelial progenitor cell number and function with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Atherosclerosis. 2013 May;228(1):94-7.

Nakakuki M, Kawano H, Notsu T et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid suppresses palmitate-induced cytokine production by modulating long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 expression in human THP-1 macrophages. Atherosclerosis. 2013 Apr;227(2):289-96.

Brown AL, Zhu X, Rong S et al. Omega-3 fatty acids ameliorate atherosclerosis by favorably altering monocyte subsets and limiting monocyte recruitment to aortic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 Sep;32(9):2122-30. FULL TEXT

Deckelbaum RJ. n-6 and n-3 Fatty acids and atherosclerosis: ratios or amounts? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010 Dec;30(12):2325-6. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.214353. FULL TEXT

de Roos B, Mavrommatis Y, Brouwer IA. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: new insights into mechanisms relating to inflammation and coronary heart disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;158(2):413-28. Epub 2009 May 5. FULL TEXT

García-Ríos A, Meneses ME, Pérez-Martínez P, Pérez-Jiménez F. Omega-3 and cardiovascular disease: beyond the risk factors. Nutr Clin Diet Hosp. 2009;29(1):4-16. FULL TEXT

Blog

Thies F, Garry JM, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF. Association of n-3 polyunsatu- rated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a rando- mised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 477-485

Von Schacky C, Baumann K, Angerer P. The effect of n-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis: Results from SCIMO, an angiographic study, background and implications. Lipids. 2001;36:99S-102S.

Engler MB. Vascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids: possible therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1994 Apr;8(3):53-67.

Goodnight SH Jr. The vascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Aug;93(2 Suppl):102S-106S.

Atrial fibrillation

Blood pressure

Eclov JA, Qian Q, Redetzke R, Chen Q, Wu SC, Healy CL, Ortmeier SB, Harmon E, Shearer GC, O'Connell TD. EPA, not DHA, prevents fibrosis in pressure overload induced heart failure; potential role of free fatty acid receptor 4. J Lipid Res. 2015 Oct 4. pii: jlr.M062034. FULL TEXT

Morin C, Rousseau E, Blier PU, Fortin S. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid monoacylglyceride on systemic hypertension and cardiovascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015 Jul 1;309(1):H93-H102.

Tagetti A, Ericson U, Montagnana M, Danese E, Almgren P, Nilsson P, Engström G, Hedblad B, Minuz P, Orho-Melander M, Fava C, Melander O. Intakes of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood pressure change over time: Possible interaction with genes involved in 20-HETE and EETs metabolism. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2015 May 16. pii: S1098-8823(15)00055-6. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.05.003.

Morin C, Rousseau E, Blier PU, Fortin S. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid monoacylglyceride on systemic hypertension and cardiovascular dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2015 Apr 24:ajpheart.00823.2014. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00823.2014.

Fukami A, Adachi H, Hirai Y, Enomoto M, Otsuka M, Kumagai E, Nakamura S, Yoshimura A, Obuchi A, Nohara Y, Nakao E, Hori K, Fukumoto Y. “Association of serum eicosapentaenoic acid to arachidonic acid ratio with microalbuminuria in a population of community-dwelling Japanese.” Atherosclerosis. 2015 Apr;239(2):577-82. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.033.

FULL TEXT

Miller PE, Van Elswyk M, Alexander DD. Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Hypertens (2014) doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu024 First published online: March 6, 2014. FULL TEXT

Ulu A, Harris TR, Morisseau C et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors in angiotensin-II-dependent hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2013 Sep;62(3):285-97. FULL TEXT

Radosinska J, Bacova B, Knezl V et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids attenuate myocardial arrhythmogenic factors and propensity of the heart to lethal arrhythmias in a rodent model of human essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2013 Sep;31(9):1876-85.

Skilton MR, Raitakari OT, Celermajer DS. High intake of dietary long-chain ?-3 fatty acids is associated with lower blood pressure in children born with low birth weight: NHANES 2003-2008. Hypertension. 2013 May;61(5):972-6. FULL TEXT

Mori TA. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertension in humans. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2006 Sep;33(9):842-6.

Dokholyan RS, Albert CM, Appel LJ, Cook NR, Whelton P, Hennekens CH. A trial of omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Apr 15;93(8):1041-3.

Brown AA, Hu FB. Dietary modulation of endothelial function: implications for cardiovascular disease. 2001 Apr;73(4):673-86. FULL TEXT

Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation. 1993; 88:523-33. FULL TEXT

Appel LJ, Miller ER 3rd, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with "fish oil" reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Arch Int Med.1993; 153:429-38.

Plasma lípids

Dayspring, TD. Understanding hypertriglyceridemia in women: clinical impact and management with prescription omega¬3¬acid ethyl esters. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3:87–97. FULL TEXT

Kedia AW, Lynch E. Effects of switching from omega-3-acid ethyl esters to icosapent ethyl in a statin-treated patient with elevated triglycerides. Postgrad Med. 2015 Nov;127(8):869-73.

Takahashi M, Myojo M, Watanabe A, Kiyosue A, Kimura K, Ando J, Hirata Y, Komuro I. Effect of purified eicosapentaenoic acid on red cell distribution width in patients with ischemic heart disease. Heart Vessels. 2015 Sep;30(5):587-94.

Skulas-Ray AC, Flock MR, Richter CK, Harris WS, West SG, Kris-Etherton PM. Red Blood Cell Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA n-3) is Inversely Associated with Triglycerides and C-reactive Protein (CRP) in Healthy Adults and Dose-Dependently Increases Following n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation. Nutrients. 2015 Aug 4;7(8):6390-404. FULL TEXT

Maki KC, Geohas JG, Dicklin MR, Huebner M, Udani JK. Safety and lipid-altering efficacy of a new omega-3 fatty acid and antioxidant-containing medical food in men and women with elevated triacylglycerols. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2015 Aug;99:41-6.

Alves Luzia L, Mendes Aldrighi J, Teixeira Damasceno NR, Rodrigues Sampaio G, Aparecida Manólio Soares R, Tande Silva I, De Queiroz Mello AP, Ferreira Carioca AA, Ferraz da Silva Torres EA. Fish oil and vitamin e change lipid profiles and anti-ldl-antibodies in two different ethnic groups of women transitioning through menopause. Nutr Hosp. 2015 Jul 1;32(n01):165-174. FULL TEXT

Sengupta A, Ghosh M. Reduction of cardiac and aortic cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats fed esters of phytosterol and omega-3 fatty acids. J Food Sci Technol. 2015 May;52(5):2741-50. doi: 10.1007/s13197-014-1346-2.

Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Update on the management of severe hypertriglyceridemia--focus on free fatty acid forms of omega-3. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015 Apr 10;9:2129-37. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S67551. FULL TEXT

Ikeya Y, Fukuyama N, Mori H. Low plasma eicosapentaenoic acid concentration as a possible risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage. Nutr Res. 2015 Mar;35(3):214-20. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.01.003.

Nakao J, Ohba T, Takaishi K, Katabuchi H. “Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia during the second trimester.” Nutrition. 2015 Feb;31(2):409-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.006.

Hedengran A, Szecsi PB, Dyerberg J, Harris WS, Stender S. n-3 PUFA esterified to glycerol or as ethyl esters reduce non-fasting plasma triacylglycerol in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia: a randomized trial. Lipids. 2015 Feb;50(2):165-75. doi: 10.1007/s11745-014-3968-6.

Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jul 12.

Skulas-Ray AC, Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS et al. Dose-response effects of omega-3 fatty acids on triglycerides, inflammation, and endothelial function in healthy persons with moderate hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb;93(2):243-52. FULL TEXT

Micallef MA, Garg ML. Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols in hyperlipidemic individuals. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Jun;204(2):476-82.

Caballero R, Gómez R, Núñez L. Farmacología de los ácidos grasos omega-3. Rev Esp Cardiol Supl. 2006;6:3D-19D. FULL TEXT

Calder PC. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Clin Sci (Lond). 2004;107:1-11.

Visioli F, Rise P, Plasmati E, Pazzucconi F, Sirtori CR, Galli C: Very low intakes of n-3 fatty acids incorporated into bovine milk reduce plasma triacylglycerol and increase HDL-cholesterol concentrations in healthy subjects. Pharmacol Res 2000; 41: 571-576.

Zampelas A, Roche H, Knapper JM y cols. Differences in postprandial lipemic response between Northern and Southern Europeans. Atherosclerosis.1998;139:83-93.

Adler AJ, Holub BJ: Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentration in hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:445-50. FULL TEXT

Layne KS, Goh YK, Jumpsen JA, Ryan EA, Chow P, Clandinin MT. Normal subjects consuming physiological levels of 18:3(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) from flaxseed or fish oils have characteristic differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein fatty acid levels. J Nutr. 1996;266:2130-40. FULL TEXT

Williams CM, Moore F, Morgan L, Wright J. Effects of n-3 fatty acids on postprandial triacylglycerol and hormone concentrations in normal subjects. Br J Nutr. 1992;68:655-66.

Cobiac L, Clifton PM, Abbey M, Belling GB, Nestel PJ. Lipid, lipoprotein, and hemostatic effects of fish vsfish-oil n-3 fatty acids in midly hyperlipidemic males. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:1210-16. FULL TEXT

Platelet aggregation

Sudden death

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